The Law of the Old Testament was only ever binding upon the Jews, who were part of the Old Covenant. The Old Law is not applicable to Christians, because we are part of the New Covenant established by Jesus Christ.
The Old Testament describes in great detail how God gave the Law to the Israelites under the Old Covenant. Turning the pages of the Old Testament, we see how each part of the Law was imposed by God, with strict instructions as to its observance. Christ, however, established a New Covenant, not under the restrictions of the Old Law.
The Apostles are very clear that Christians are not bound by the Old Law.
Hebrews 9 gives an extensive comparison of the Old Covenant verse the New Covenant. In Hebrews 9:10, Paul clearly states how the regulations of the Old Law were only applicable until the New Covenant was established (emphasis added–read the chapter online to see how beautiful the comparison is):
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but only in matters of food and drink and various ritual washings: regulations concerning the flesh, imposed until the time of the new order.
The Law was imposed until the time of the New Covenant.
In Galations 5:1-6, Paul takes up the controversy of those wishing to still observe the Old Law’s observance of circumcision saying (emphasis added):
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For freedom Christ set us free; so stand firm and do not submit again to the yoke of slavery.
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It is I, Paul, who am telling you that if you have yourselves circumcised, Christ will be of no benefit to you.
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Once again I declare to every man who has himself circumcised that he is bound to observe the entire law.
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You are separated from Christ, you who are trying to be justified by law; you have fallen from grace.
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For through the Spirit, by faith, we await the hope of righteousness.
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For in Christ Jesus, neither circumcision nor uncircumcision counts for anything, but only faith working through love.
Can the Scriptures be any clearer? You are separated from Christ, you who are trying to be justified by law; you have fallen from grace. (Galations 5:4)
Paul makes very clear in Colossions 2:16, that Christians are not to observe the Sabbath. The Early Church Fathers, and the first Christians understood this fact very well. Colossions 2:16 (emphasis added) reads thus:
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Let no one, then, pass judgment on you in matters of food and drink or with regard to a festival or new moon or sabbath.
The blog post Why do Christians Worship on Sunday contains further proofs on why Christians are not bound to observe the Sabbath.
If these weren’t enough, Paul clears things up in
Ephesians 2:14-16 (emphasis added):
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For he is our peace, he who made both one and broke down the dividing wall of enmity, through his flesh,
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abolishing the law with its commandments and legal claims, that he might create in himself one new person in place of the two, thus establishing peace,
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and might reconcile both with God, in one body, through the cross, putting that enmity to death by it.
We see in Ephesians 2:15 that Christ has “[Abolished] the law with its commandments”. Can the New Testament be any clearer?
The Early Church Fathers are very clear on Christians not being bound by the Old Law, especially concerning how Christians should worship on Sunday, not the Sabbath.
Observant readers of Scripture may recall Matthew 5:17:
17 “Do not think that I have come to abolish the law or the prophets. I have come not to abolish but to fulfill.
At first glance, this verse might appear to contradict Ephesians 2:15:
15 [Christ, who] abolishing the law with its commandments and legal claims,
So how can we resolve these two verses? In Matthew 5:17, Christ is referring to the moral obligations that the Law contained (it’s purpose). The Law was meant to prepare the hearts of the Israelites for the coming of Christ. When Christ came, He worked within the framework of the Law, but began to change the Israelites’ understanding of it (healing on the Sabbath, teachings on divorce, adultery, etc.). When Christ established the New Covenant in His blood, the letter (form) of the Old Law was abolished (Ephesians 2:15).
Christ let the Israelites understand that there were really only two laws. While He abolished the form of the Old Law (Ephesians 2:15), Christ explained that the purpose of the Old Law really rested on two great commandments. Matthew 22:34-40:
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When the Pharisees heard that he had silenced the Sadducees, they gathered together,
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and one of them [a scholar of the law] tested him by asking,
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“Teacher, which commandment in the law is the greatest?”
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He said to him, “You shall love the Lord, your God, with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind.
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This is the greatest and the first commandment.
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The second is like it: You shall love your neighbor as yourself.
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The whole law and the prophets depend on these two commandments.”
One can not hold to only part of the Old Law (Galations 5:3 & Entire Old Testament), as all of the Law was given by God with the same moral imperative. Moreover, the Apostle Paul (in Ephesians 2:15), clearly explains how the entire Old Law is no longer binding. This presents a dilemma for anyone who claims we must follow even part of the Old Testament law. Christians are part of a New Covenant in Christ Jesus. The moral implications (purpose) of the Law under the Old Covenant are still applicable, but the letter (form) of the law is not.